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Segregation Activity

In two paragraphs, write how you felt after participating in this activity. Use examples to explain how did you feel at each stop and then in summarize what you learned from it.

Segregation WebQuest

Introduction
How would you feel if you had to walk to school every day, regardless of the weather? How would you feel if there was a school bus, which took students to a school down the street from you, but you could not ride it? How would you feel if your school was falling apart, while the other school received new buildings and materials? It would make you pretty angry wouldn't it? That is how the characters of Roll of Thunder Hear My Cry must have felt. You are about to explore how, when, where, and why segregation happens. You will learn that it is not just in our history, but many other histories around the world.

The Task
You and your group members will be creating a definition of segregation. This does not mean a few sentences written dictionary style. Be as creative as you like. You will first come up with what you think segregation means now. Then you will research and write about what it is. Finally, your group will come up with a creative way to define segregation. You can use poetry, collages, paintings, stories etc. Good luck!

Resources
The Process
Evaluation
Conclusion


http://www.bgsu.edu/colleges/library/crc/webquest/rollofthunder/index.html

The Emancipation Proclamation

1. Why did Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation?


2. What does this document would it have meant to the soldiers of the 54th Infantry?

3. What is the historical significance of The Emancipation Proclamation?


4. Which U.S. states were not effected by the Emancipation Proclamation?

A slave girl tells of her life, 1861

Read the article, summarize it in one of two paragraphs and then answer the questions.
1. Like Henry Watson's account of slave auctions, Harriet Jacobs' narrative was probably edited extensively by white abolitionists. Does this diminish its impact? Is all history somehow edited from the actual narrative?

2. Accounts of abuse within slavery are spread across time and location, from colonial America to the Civil War.

3. How does Harriet's account of sexual exploitation affect your view of slavery?

4. Why do you think women, by large, have received less attention than men in the tale of slavery?

Farm journal reports on the care and feeding of slaves, 1836

Read this article, summarize it in one or two paragraph and then answer the following questions:
1. What does this account tell us about slave life? what does it tell us about the status of slaves on plantations?

2. How might this account have been used by abolitionists? By pro-slavery factions?

A Slave tells of His Sale at Auction, 1848

Read the story, summarize it in one or two paragraphs and then answer the following questions:
1. How would Henry Watson's narrative have been used by abolitionists?

2. WHat do you think of the atrocities reported here? Do you think the story moved people into action?

3. Although the narrative is probably accurate, it is quite possibly written by northern abolitionists who are transcribing Watson's story. What evidence do you see of this? Does it diminish the impact of the story?

Southern Novel Depicts Slavery, 1832

Summarize your article and then answer the reading questions.
1. What do you think about Kennedy's description of slave life? Is it accurate? How does it compare to other accounts you have read?

2. Although Swallow Barn is a novel, it reveals, what Kennedy thought about African Americans. Kennedy uses these views to justify slavery. What are these views?

3. How does Kennedy jsutify slavery? How can we use novels and works of fiction to elaborate our historial perspective?

The Declaration of Independence, 1774

1. What was the purpose of the Declaration of Independence? What are the main parts?

2. What is the origin and meaning of "natural rights" and how is this concept applied in the Declaration of Independence?

3. Write a definition of "unalienable rights." What rights might be considered 'unalienablez?'

4. Thomas Jefferson's original draft included the paragraph above that discussed slavery. Why was this paragraph omitted from the final document?

The Selling of Joseph, 1700

In addition ot being an important merchant in Boston, Massachusetts, Samuel Sewell had also been a judge during the Salem witch trials, which he later regretted and made a public apology. In 1697 he wrote a track against the slave trade, amking "The Selling of Joseph one of the first antislavery publications in America.

Read the article provided in class and answer the following questions.
1. Who was Joseph?

2. Why does Sewell believe white servants would be better in the long run?

3. Explain the dangers Sewell foresees in the practice of slavery.

4. Personal Opinion based on the last question: Was he right?

Maryland Addresses the Status of Slaves in 1664

Although slavery dates back before 2000 BC to the Sumerians, the status of clack slaves in the early years of colonization in Maryland was unclear. Were they to serve a limited number of years? Were they the property of their owners to do with as they saw fit? The Maryland Statute on Negroes and Other Slaves, a portion of which you will read today, established that all blacks, as well as their children and their families, woul dbe slaves durante vita, that is, for their entire lives.

Read the article given in class and answer the following questions:
1. What do you think was the legislatiors' intent in enacting the Meryland Statute on the Negroes and Other Slaves? What were they trying to protect?

2. Why would the statute address the intermarriage of "freeborn English women" with black men but neglect to mention anything regarding the marriage of white men to black women?

An African Captive Tells the story of Crossing the Atlantic in a Slave Ship in 1789

Captured in Nigeria, Olaudah Equiano shared the fear of many captured Africans that the white men were going to eat him. More widely traveled than most slaves, Equiano was sold to the British and worked on ships for much of his life. Later able to purchase his freedom from his Quaker master, Equiano went on to become a staunch advocate in the British antislavery movement.

Read the article and answer the following questions:
1. How does Olaudah Equiano's view of the white men as spirits, "possessed of magic," compare to the Aztec or Pueblo views of the Spaniards?

2. Why do you think the sailors on the slave ships were cruel to the slaves to a point that could not possibly have been in their best commercial interests?

3. How does Equiano's story help us to understand the cruelty and brutality that characterized the slave trade?

A Slave Tells of His Capture in Africa in 1798

The son of an African prince, Venture Smith, was captured at the age of eight and shipped to America to be sold as a slave. One of the few surviving slave narratives of the colonial period of American history. Smith's story gives us valuable insight as to how Africans were captured by black slaves traders and transported.

Smith recounted his oral ihstory when he was an old man living in Connecticut.

Read the excerpt"A Slave Tells of His Capture in Africa in 1798" and answer the following question:

1. How does Venture Smith's oral history our historical narrative regarding slavery? How does teh personalization of one preson's eslavement affect our understanding of what slavery meant?

2. Why would Africans be involved in selling thier fellow countrymen into slavery? What would be their motivations?

Article 4 The Atlantic Slave trade

Instructions: Read the following article and be prepared to answer these questions: 1. How did slavery influence the growth of the 13 Colonies? 2. How did slavery influence the way we see black people today? 3. In your opinion, "loss of status" means... Before the 16th century, slavery was not regarded by anyone (outside or inside Africa) as a particularly African institution. The association between Africa and slavery emerged in the 15th century. It was then that ship design made it possible for sailors from the Mediterranean to make long journeys down the coast of Africa and ultimately across the Atlantic to the Americas. By the time the slaves reached the coast, they had already undertaken a long journey from inland. They were often bought and sold several times along the way. Many of these transactions were conducted in the market place. Case study: the Salaga slave market Salaga, in northern Ghana, was the site of a major slave market. Today, there are still descendants of people who were slaves. The history is vivid in peoples's minds. "Ouamkam means bathing. Bayou means slave. So literally it means 'Bathing slaves.' This is the place where all the slaves were bathed. They would bathe them here, rub them with shea butter and make them shine, and they gave them food to eat, to make them look big; then they'd take them to the slave market for sale." Listen Shaibu Inusah on bathing and preparing slaves for sale The paramount chief of Salaga "Salaga is in the southern part of the northern region. Salaga was an old slave market. Caravans used to come all the way from northern Nigeria and other places, Burkina Faso, Mali and so on. Salaga became important for its market in human beings. The slaves were brought in here. There were places to store them and most of the time they were actually tied around trees?in the market. There were just one or two rooms that can even be seen up to this date. But most of the time they were tied around, big, big trees, guava trees, close to the market. Slavery became a commercial venture. Even local chiefs benefited. When the slaves were brought, the chiefs took a certain number for themselves and sold them to the buyers. People benefited. If you were not a victim, of course, then you benefitted. Sometimes, even the people themselves became victims. Because it was so inhuman that there was no sympathy between them. If you quarrelled with your friend and you managed to capture him you could take him to the market - to sell him. With hindsight, we feel remorse that these things happened and our great great grandfathers took part in the trade. But at that time it was a normal thing. It's just like what is happening today. It was a market; people were buying. There was no transaction in cash. It was just gunpowder or guns in exchange for human beings. Sometimes you look at it from a human and religious point of view, sometimes you feel it was a very bad thing, but it happened. " Listen Paramount Chief Of Salaga "Slaves were the most important commodity as opposed to other commodities like salt and other mercantile goods that were brought from the south. But definitely slavery dominated the activities here. Everybody here in Salaga is a descendant of a slave. Everybody in Salaga, except those of us who have moved in now. But you see people don't feel easy speaking about it. But everybody knows that he is a descendant of slaves. The Gouruma, the Hausa, the Zaboroma, the Hausa, the Dagomba. All the tribes in Salaga, there are thirteen tribes in Salaga, know." Listen Shaibu Inusah on the trade in Salaga Recruiting slaves The Portuguese were particularly keen to explore Africa for wealth and material gain; at the same time they had started up colonies in the Americas, and needed labour to work on plantations there. In the 1440's Africans were captured and taken to Portugal. Fifty two years later in 1492 the Italian adventurer Christopher Columbus made the first of his visits to the Caribbean, arriving somewhere near the Bahamas. His aim was to gain wealth for himself and his patrons, Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain. In 1518 the first slaves were dispatched across the Atlantic. Soon Britain, the Netherlands and France were competing with Spain and Portugal for a share of the profits of slavery. This new transatlantic slave trade was very different from the kind of slavery that had existed before. Scale of trade The sheer number of slaves taken was unprecedented. The large scale of trading destabilised the social and economic order. By the end of the 18th century one historian estimates 70,000 people a year were captured and taken against their will to the Americas. What is now Angola was reduced in parts to a wasteland. In total, at least 12 million Africans were forcibly removed from the continent. Listen Hear how African Americans feel today about forced immigration and slavery, followed by an explanation on the origin of the term African American, and one man's search for his family history Dangerous and long journey The Transatlantic slave trade involved an immensely long and terrible journey to the Americas, the Middle Passage. Commercial forces The Atlantic slave trade was shaped and driven by commercial forces of profit and new patterns of consumption. In the past, slavery had a social and cultural context, rooted in kingship, which imposed definition and restraints on the slave master relationship. In the 15th century the chief goal was profit. Conditions for slaves were very harsh. Three portraits of slavery 1. Caribbean "Poor Daniel was lame in the hip, and could not keep up with the rest of the slaves; and our master would order him to be stripped and laid down on the ground, and have him beaten with a rod of rough briar till his skin was quite red and raw... This poor man's wounds were never healed and I have often seen them full of maggots?He was an object of pity and terror to the whole gang of slaves, and in his wretched case we saw, each of us, our own lot, if we should live to be as old." - A saltworks in the West Indies, described by former slave Mary Prince, The History of Mary Prince. 2. America "When their day's work in the field is down, the most of them have their washing, mending and cooking to do, and having few or none of the ordinary facilities for doing either of these, very many of their sleeping hours are consumed in preparing for the field the coming day; and when this is done?they drop down side by side on one common bed - the cold damp floor." - A plantation in the deep south, described by former slave and abolitionist Frederick Douglass, The Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass. 3. Brazil "The men and women who created this first great sugar boom in the world lived well. Many stories are told of the opulence of the planters in old Brazil, their tables laden with silver and fine china bought from captains on their way back from the East, doors with gold locks, women wearing huge precious stones, musicians enlivening the banquets, beds covered with damask; and an army of slaves of many colours always hovering." - Excerpt taken from Hugh Thomas, The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade. There was no hope of returning home; the vast majority of slaves were stuck in the Americas for the rest of their lives. The stigma of slavery remains in America today. Racism and the loss of status and prospects The status of slaves in America was different to that of those in Africa and Europe. In ancient times a slave in North Africa, Greece or Rome, or in Arab countries, could rise to a position of public prominence. Women might marry into the ruling class. No slaves married their masters or mistresses in the Americas, although there were secret relationships, usually forced upon the slave. Whether badly or well treated, slaves were, in American society at large, marked out and despised for the colour of their skin, and so were their descendants. "I took the little sufferer in my lap. I observed a general titter among the white members of the family. The youngest of the family, a little girl about the age of the young slave, after gazing at me for a few moments in utter astonishment, exclaimed: 'My! If Mrs. Trollope has not taken her in her lap, and wiped her nasty mouth! Why I would not have touched her mouth for two hundred dollars'... The idea of really sympathising in the sufferings of a slave appeared to them as absurd as weeping over a calf that had been slaughtered by the butcher." - Excerpt from Fanny Trollope's Domestic Manners of the Americans. The author is nursing a slave girl who has accidentally taken poison. Listen BBC dramatisation of Fanny Trollope's account, taken from Domestic Manners of the Americans

Article 3 The East African slave trade

Instructions:

Read the following article and answer the questions below in the comments section.

In East Africa a slave trade was well established before the Europeans arrived on the scene. It was driven by the sultanates of the Middle East. African slaves ended up as sailors in Persia, pearl divers in the Gulf, soldiers in the Omani army and workers on the salt pans of Mesopotamia (modern Iraq). Many people were domestic slaves, working in rich households. Women were taken as sex slaves.

Arab traders began to settle among the Africans of the coast, resulting in the emergence of a people and culture known as Swahili. In the second half of the 18th century, the slave trade expanded and became more organised. There was also a huge demand for ivory, and slaves were used as porters to carry it.

Listen
	BBC dramatisation of Sultan Seyyid Said's daughter, Princess Salme, talking about her life in Zanzibar

There were three main reasons why more slaves were required:

1. The clove plantations on Zanzibar and Pemba set up by Sultan Seyyid Said, needed labour.

2. Brazilian traders were finding it difficult to operate in West Africa because the British navy was intercepting slave ships. The Brazilians made the journey round the Cape of Good Hope, taking slaves from the Zambezi valley and Mozambique.

3. The French had started up sugar and coffee plantations in Mauritius and Reunion.

A number of different people - Arabs and Africans - were involved in supplying slaves from the interior, as well as transporting ivory. They included:

- The prazeros, descendants of Portuguese and Africans, operating along the Zambezi

- The Yao working North East of the Zambezi

- The Makua operating East of the Yao, closer to the coast

- The Nyamwezi (or Yeke) operating further north around Lake Tanganyika under the leadership of Msiri and Mirambo, who established a trading and raiding state in the 1850s which linked up with the Ovimbundu in what is now modern Angola

The most famous trader of all was Tippu Tip, (Hamed bin Mohammed) a Swahili Arab son of a trader, and grandson of an African slave. He was born in Zanzibar of African Arab parentage and went on to establish a base West of Lake Tanganyika, linking up with Msiri. He and his men operated in an area stretching over a thousand miles from inland to the coast.

Question: According to this article, there were "reasons" why slaves were needed. Would you agree but such "reasons?" Imagine you are taken as a slave. Where would you prefer to go?

	Listen to historian Abdul Sheriff introducing Tippu Tip's autobiography, followed by a BBC dramatisation of the slave trader's own writing

Article 2 African slave owners

Instructions: Read this article and answer the questions below. Many societies in Africa with kings and hierarchical forms of government traditionally kept slaves. But these were mostly used for domestic purposes. They were an indication of power and wealth and not used for commercial gain. However, with the appearance of Europeans desperate to buy slaves for use in the Americas, the character of African slave ownership changed. Growing rich with slavery In the early 18th century, Kings of Dahomey (known today as Benin) became big players in the slave trade, waging a bitter war on their neighbours, resulting in the capture of 10,000, including another important slave trader, the King of Whydah. King Tegbesu made £250,000 a year selling people into slavery in 1750. King Gezo said in the 1840s he would do anything the British wanted him to do apart from giving up slave trade: "The slave trade is the ruling principle of my people. It is the source and the glory of their wealth... the mother lulls the child to sleep with notes of triumph over an enemy reduced to slavery." Living witness Some of the descendants of African traders are alive today. Mohammed Ibrahim Babatu is the great great grandson of Baba-ato (also known as Babatu), the famous Muslim slave trader, who was born in Niger and conducted his slave raids in Northern Ghana in the 1880s. Mohammed Ibrahim Babatu, the deputy head teacher of a Junior secondary school in Yendi, lives in Ghana. "In our curriculum, we teach a little part of the history of our land. Because some of the children ask questions about the past history of our grandfather Babatu. Babatu, and others, didn't see anything wrong with slavery. They didn't have any knowledge of what the people were used for. They were only aware that some of the slaves would serve others of the royal families within the sub-region. He has done a great deal of harm to the people of Africa. I have studied history and I know the effect of slavery. I have seen that the slave raids did harm to Africa, but some members of our family feel he was ignorant?we feel that what he did was fine, because it has given the family a great fame within the Dagomba society. He gave some of the slaves to the Dagombas and then he sent the rest of the slaves to the Salaga market. He didn't know they were going to plantations... he was ignorant." Listen Mohammed Ibrahim Babatu, great great grandson of the famous Muslim slave trader Baba-ato Songhay The young Moroccan traveler and commentator, Leo Africanus, was amazed at the wealth and quantity of slaves to be found in Gao, the capital of Songhay, which he visited in 1510 and 1513 when the empire was at the height of its power under Askiya Mohammed. "...here there is a certain place where slaves are sold, especially on those days when the merchants are assembled. And a young slave of fifteen years of age is sold for six ducats, and children are also sold. The king of this region has a certain private palace where he maintains a great number of concubines and slaves." Swahili The ruling class of coastal Swahili society - Sultans, government officials and wealthy merchants - used non-Muslim slaves as domestic servants and to work on farms and estates. The craftsmen, artisans and clerks tended to by Muslim and freed men. But the divisions between the different classes were often very flexible. The powerful slave and ivory trader Tippu Tip was the grandson of a slave. Listen Historian Abdul Sheriff introducing Tippu Tip's autobiography followed by a BBC dramatisation of the slave trader's own writing The Omani Sultan, Seyyid Said, became immensely rich when he started up cloves plantations in 1820 with slave labour - so successful was he that he moved the Omani capital to Zanzibar in 1840. Punished for keeping slaves The Asanti (the capital, Kumasi, is in modern Ghana) had a long tradition of domestic slavery. But gold was the main commodity for selling. With the arrival of Europeans the slaves displaced gold as the main commodity for trade. As late as 1895 the British Colonial Office was not concerned by this. "It would be a mistake to frighten the King of Kumasi and the Ashantis generally on the question of slavery. We cannot sweep away their customs and institutions all at once. Domestic slavery should not be troubled at present." British attitudes changed when the King of the Asanti (the Asantehene) resisted British colonial authority. The suppression of the slave trade became a justification for the extension of European power. With the humiliation and exile of King Prempeh I in 1896, the Asanti were placed under the authority of the Governor of the Gold Coast and forced therefore to conform to British law and abolish the slave trade. Slavery decreed by the gods In 1807, Britain declared all slave trading illegal. The king of Bonny (in what is now the Nigerian delta) was dismayed at the conclusion of the practice. "We think this trade must go on. That is the verdict of our oracle and the priests. They say that your country, however great, can never stop a trade ordained by God himself."

According to this article, it seems that having slaves working for you was ok until slaves were taken to the Americas. What is your opinion? Why was it different to have slaves in Africa, Europe and in America?

Article 1 A slave in shackles

Instructions: Read the following article and then answer the questions below in the form of a comment on the blog.

The term slave has its origins in the word slav. The slavs, who inhabited a large part of Eastern Europe, were taken as slaves by the Muslims of Spain during the 9th century AD.

Slavery can broadly be described as the ownership, buying and selling of human beings for the purpose of forced and unpaid labour. It is an ancient practice, mentioned in both the Bible and the Koran.

As for those of your slaves which wish to buy their liberty, free them if you find in them any promise and bestow on them a part of the riches which God has given you. - Koran, Chapter 24, Verse 32.

Knowing that whatsoever good thing any man doeth, the same shall he receive of the Lord, whether he be bond or free.
- Old Testament, Ephesians 6, Chapter 6, Verse 8.

Indeed, the main religious texts of Judaism, Islam and Christianity all recognise slaves as a separate class of people in society. Going back further in time the Mayans and Aztecs kept slaves in the Americas, as did the Sumerians and Babylonians in the Near East. The Egyptians employed huge numbers of slaves, including the Jews, Europeans and Ethiopians.

The Greeks and Romans kept slaves as soldiers, servants, labourers and even civil servants. The Romans captured slaves from what is now Britain, France and Germany. Slave armies were kept by the Ottomans and Egyptians.

In Imperial Russia in the first half of the 19th century one third of the population were serfs, who like slaves in the Americas, had the status of chattels and could be bought and sold. They were finally freed in 1861 by Emperor Alexander II. Four years later slavery was abolished in the southern states of America following southern defeat in the American Civil War.

In Africa there were a number of societies and kingdoms which kept slaves, before there was any regular commercial contact with Europeans, including the Asanti, the Kings of Bonny and Dahomey.

According to what you read in this article, Is it correct to have a slave? Would you have one? Under what conditions would you feel is ok to have a slave?